Mezzo-soprano Teresa Berganza's career always had something of a Spanish flavor to it, even though she excelled in Mozart and Rossini roles and other elements of the traditional repertory. She consistently championed Spanish music, from zarzuela to the songs of Granados and Falla. She also sang the title role of Carmen frequently, bringing her own unique sense of the character to both stage and recordings. A musician of unusual breadth and ability, Berganza was an accomplished pianist and organist and even studied conducting and composition. Her voice, which had an impressive upper extension, managed to cross boundaries as well: in 1960, she was offered the role of Violetta -- a mainstay of the soprano repertory -- in Verdi's La traviata at La Scala in Milan.

Berganza was born in Madrid on March 16, 1935. She studied at the Madrid Conservatory under Lola Rodriguez Aragon, who herself studied with Elisabeth Schumann. Berganza credited her teacher with the complete process of her development, from a raw talent to a polished artist; throughout her career, she continued to study with Aragon, developing interpretations or working out minor vocal problems. Berganza made her professional debut in 1956 at the Madrid Athenaeum in Schumann's song cycle Frauenliebe und -Leben, and made her operatic debut at the Aix-in-Provence Festival as Dorabella in Così fan tutte. She made her Glyndebourne debut in 1958 as Cherubino in Le Nozze di Figaro.

In the same year, she made her U.S. debut in Dallas, singing the comprimario role of Neris in a production of Medea. The Medea was Maria Callas, and Berganza later declared that she never learned as much about musical drama and stage discipline as from Callas, who treated her "like a younger sister," even insisting that Berganza be allowed to portray Neris as a young woman close to Medea's own age, rather than an older, matronly figure, as was customary. Berganza made her Covent Garden debut as Rosina in Il Barbiere di Siviglia in 1960; throughout the 1960s and early '70s, she sang mostly Rossini and Mozart. She made her Met debut as Cherubino in 1967.

Berganza first sang Carmen in 1977 and described it later as a deeply liberating experience -- personally as well as musically. In preparing the role, she visited Seville to observe Romani women, read the original novel by Prosper Mérimée, and studied the score deeply. She developed her own perceptions of Carmen: she was a free spirit within a restrictive culture, but far from being a prostitute or a tramp, and even possessing a certain sweetness. While many critics applauded her presentation, others found it lacking in blood and guts -- too "ladylike." She brought the same kind of original thinking to the role of Zerlina in Don Giovanni, and in the famous Joseph Losey film, she sang her as a fully mature and sensual young woman, rather than a simple and bedazzled girl.

Berganza was also a prominent recitalist, specializing in Spanish song, but she also sang Mussorgsky and others. Her first husband, Félix Lavilla, whom she met at the Madrid Conservatory, was also her accompanist for many years. Although her last significant stage performance was in 1992, she continued to give recitals and teach master classes into the 2000s and officially retired from the stage in 2008. She was protective of her voice and what she allowed audiences to hear throughout her career, which contributed to its longevity. Among her recordings, her Rosina and her collection of Spanish songs on Claves are both outstanding. Berganza died on May 13, 2022, at the age of 89. ~ Anne Feeney & Patsy Morita, Rovi